Appendix rewrites

lowlevel/AtomicEvenProducer.java

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
 // Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
 // Atomic classes are occasionally useful in regular code
-// {IgnoreOutput} // No output validation
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
 
 public class AtomicEvenProducer extends IntGenerator {
@@ -17,3 +16,6 @@ public class AtomicEvenProducer extends IntGenerator {
     EvenChecker.test(new AtomicEvenProducer());
   }
 }
+/* Output:
+No odd numbers discovered
+*/

lowlevel/AtomicIntegerTest.java

@@ -17,11 +17,9 @@ public class AtomicIntegerTest implements Runnable {
       evenIncrement();
   }
   public static void main(String[] args) {
-    new TimedAbort(5); // Terminate after 5 seconds
-    ExecutorService exec =
-      Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+    new TimedAbort(4, "No failures discovered");
     AtomicIntegerTest ait = new AtomicIntegerTest();
-    exec.execute(ait);
+    CompletableFuture.runAsync(ait);
     while(true) {
       int val = ait.getValue();
       if(val % 2 != 0) {
@@ -32,5 +30,5 @@ public class AtomicIntegerTest implements Runnable {
   }
 }
 /* Output:
-TimedAbort 5
+No failures discovered
 */

lowlevel/Atomicity.java

@@ -13,29 +13,32 @@ public class Atomicity {
 Compiled from "Atomicity.java"
 public class Atomicity {
   int i;
+
   public Atomicity();
     Code:
        0: aload_0
-       1: invokespecial #1     // Method
+       1: invokespecial #1   // Method
 java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
        4: return
+
   void f1();
     Code:
        0: aload_0
        1: dup
-       2: getfield      #2     // Field i:I
+       2: getfield      #2   // Field i:I
        5: iconst_1
        6: iadd
-       7: putfield      #2     // Field i:I
+       7: putfield      #2   // Field i:I
       10: return
+
   void f2();
     Code:
        0: aload_0
        1: dup
-       2: getfield      #2     // Field i:I
+       2: getfield      #2   // Field i:I
        5: iconst_3
        6: iadd
-       7: putfield      #2     // Field i:I
+       7: putfield      #2   // Field i:I
       10: return
 }
 */

lowlevel/AtomicityTest.java

@@ -17,20 +17,18 @@ public class AtomicityTest implements Runnable {
       evenIncrement();
   }
   public static void main(String[] args) {
-    new TimedAbort(4);
-    ExecutorService es =
-      Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+    new TimedAbort(4, "No failures found");
     AtomicityTest at = new AtomicityTest();
-    es.execute(at);
+    CompletableFuture.runAsync(at);
     while(true) {
       int val = at.getValue();
       if(val % 2 != 0) {
-        System.out.println(val);
+        System.out.println("failed with: " + val);
         System.exit(0);
       }
     }
   }
 }
 /* Output:
-1
+failed with: 21
 */

lowlevel/AttemptLocking.java

@@ -38,16 +38,12 @@ public class AttemptLocking {
     final AttemptLocking al = new AttemptLocking();
     al.untimed(); // True -- lock is available
     al.timed();   // True -- lock is available
-    // Now create a separate task to grab the lock:
-    new Thread() {
-      { setDaemon(true); }
-      @Override
-      public void run() {
+    // Now create a second task to grab the lock:
+    CompletableFuture.runAsync( () -> {
         al.lock.lock();
         System.out.println("acquired");
-      }
-    }.start();
-    new Nap(10);  // Give the 2nd task a chance
+    });
+    new Nap(100);  // Give the second task a chance
     al.untimed(); // False -- lock grabbed by task
     al.timed();   // False -- lock grabbed by task
   }
@@ -55,6 +51,7 @@ public class AttemptLocking {
 /* Output:
 tryLock(): true
 tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): true
-tryLock(): true
-tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): true
+acquired
+tryLock(): false
+tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS): false
 */

lowlevel/DelayQueueDemo.java

@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 // (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
 // We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
 // Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
-import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import java.util.*;
+import java.util.stream.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.*;
 
 class DelayedTask implements Runnable, Delayed {
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ class DelayedTask implements Runnable, Delayed {
   private final int delta;
   private final long trigger;
   protected static List<DelayedTask> sequence =
-    new ArrayList<>();
+    new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
   public DelayedTask(int delayInMilliseconds) {
     delta = delayInMilliseconds;
     trigger = System.nanoTime() +
@@ -32,74 +33,69 @@ class DelayedTask implements Runnable, Delayed {
     return 0;
   }
   @Override
-  public void run() { System.out.print(this + " "); }
+  public void run() {
+    System.out.print(this + " ");
+  }
   @Override
   public String toString() {
-    return String.format("[%1$-4d]", delta) +
-      " Task " + id;
+    return
+      String.format("[%d] Task %d", delta, id);
   }
   public String summary() {
-    return "(" + id + ":" + delta + ")";
+    return String.format("(%d:%d)", id, delta);
   }
-  public static class EndSentinel extends DelayedTask {
-    private ExecutorService exec;
-    public EndSentinel(int delay, ExecutorService e) {
-      super(delay);
-      exec = e;
-    }
+  public static class EndTask extends DelayedTask {
+    public EndTask(int delay) { super(delay); }
     @Override
     public void run() {
-      for(DelayedTask pt : sequence) {
-        System.out.print(pt.summary() + " ");
-      }
-      System.out.println();
-      System.out.println(this + " Calling shutdownNow()");
-      exec.shutdownNow();
+      sequence.forEach(dt ->
+        System.out.println(dt.summary() + " "));
     }
   }
 }
 
-class DelayedTaskConsumer implements Runnable {
-  private DelayQueue<DelayedTask> q;
-  public DelayedTaskConsumer(DelayQueue<DelayedTask> q) {
-    this.q = q;
-  }
-  @Override
-  public void run() {
-    try {
-      while(!Thread.interrupted())
-        q.take().run(); // Run task with current thread
-    } catch(InterruptedException e) {
-      // Acceptable way to exit
-    }
-    System.out.println("Finished DelayedTaskConsumer");
-  }
-}
-
 public class DelayQueueDemo {
-  public static void main(String[] args) {
-    SplittableRandom rand = new SplittableRandom(47);
-    ExecutorService es = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
-    DelayQueue<DelayedTask> queue =
-      new DelayQueue<>();
-    // Fill with tasks that have random delays:
-    for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
-      queue.put(new DelayedTask(rand.nextInt(5000)));
-    // Set the stopping point
-    queue.add(new DelayedTask.EndSentinel(5000, es));
-    es.execute(new DelayedTaskConsumer(queue));
+  public static void
+  main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+    DelayQueue<DelayedTask> tasks =
+      Stream.concat(
+        // Tasks with random delays:
+        new Random(47).ints(20, 0, 4000)
+          .mapToObj(DelayedTask::new),
+        // Add the summarizing task:
+        Stream.of(
+          new DelayedTask.EndTask(4000)))
+      .collect(Collectors
+        .toCollection(DelayQueue::new));
+    DelayQueue<DelayedTask> delayQueue =
+      new DelayQueue<>(tasks);
+    while(delayQueue.size() > 0)
+      delayQueue.take().run();
   }
 }
 /* Output:
-[70  ] Task 10 [125 ] Task 13 [267 ] Task 19 [635 ] Task 0
-[650 ] Task 16 [682 ] Task 17 [807 ] Task 11 [1131] Task 18
-[1177] Task 4 [1193] Task 9 [1634] Task 15 [1656] Task 6
-[2400] Task 12 [3479] Task 5 [3737] Task 1 [3768] Task 7
-[3941] Task 2 [4720] Task 3 [4762] Task 14 [4948] Task 8
-(0:635) (1:3737) (2:3941) (3:4720) (4:1177) (5:3479)
-(6:1656) (7:3768) (8:4948) (9:1193) (10:70) (11:807)
-(12:2400) (13:125) (14:4762) (15:1634) (16:650) (17:682)
-(18:1131) (19:267) (20:5000)
-[5000] Task 20 Calling shutdownNow()
-Finished DelayedTaskConsumer
+[128] Task 12 [429] Task 6 [551] Task 13 [555] Task 2 [693] Task 3 [809] Task 15
+ [961] Task 5 [1258] Task 1 [1258] Task 20 [1520] Task 19 [1861] Task 4 [1998] T
+ask 17 [2200] Task 8 [2207] Task 10 [2288] Task 11 [2522] Task 9 [2589] Task 14
+[2861] Task 18 [2868] Task 7 [3278] Task 16 (0:4000)
+(1:1258)
+(2:555)
+(3:693)
+(4:1861)
+(5:961)
+(6:429)
+(7:2868)
+(8:2200)
+(9:2522)
+(10:2207)
+(11:2288)
+(12:128)
+(13:551)
+(14:2589)
+(15:809)
+(16:3278)
+(17:1998)
+(18:2861)
+(19:1520)
+(20:1258)
 */

lowlevel/EvenChecker.java

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
 // We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
 // Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.stream.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import onjava.TimedAbort;
 
@@ -24,15 +26,16 @@ public class EvenChecker implements Runnable {
   }
   // Test any IntGenerator:
   public static void test(IntGenerator gp, int count) {
-    System.out.println("Press Control-C to exit");
-    ExecutorService es = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
-    for(int i = 0; i < count; i++)
-      es.execute(new EvenChecker(gp, i));
-    es.shutdown();
+    List<CompletableFuture<Void>> checkers =
+      IntStream.range(0, count)
+        .mapToObj(i -> new EvenChecker(gp, i))
+        .map(CompletableFuture::runAsync)
+        .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    checkers.forEach(CompletableFuture::join);
   }
   // Default value for count:
   public static void test(IntGenerator gp) {
-    new TimedAbort(4);
+    new TimedAbort(4, "No odd numbers discovered");
     test(gp, 10);
   }
 }

lowlevel/EvenProducer.java

@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ public class EvenProducer extends IntGenerator {
   }
 }
 /* Output:
-Press Control-C to exit
-841 not even!
-847 not even!
-845 not even!
-843 not even!
+1563 not even!
+1573 not even!
+1571 not even!
+1569 not even!
+1567 not even!
+1565 not even!
 */

lowlevel/MutexEvenProducer.java

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
 // Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
 // Preventing thread collisions with mutexes
-// {IgnoreOutput} // No output validation
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
 import onjava.Nap;
 
@@ -26,3 +25,6 @@ public class MutexEvenProducer extends IntGenerator {
     EvenChecker.test(new MutexEvenProducer());
   }
 }
+/*
+No odd numbers discovered
+*/

lowlevel/SerialNumberChecker.java

@@ -3,65 +3,54 @@
 // We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
 // Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
 // Operations that might seem safe are not,
-// when threads are present
-// {java SerialNumberChecker 4}
+// when threads are present.
+import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import onjava.Nap;
 
 // Reuses storage so we don't run out of memory:
 class CircularSet {
   private int[] array;
-  private int len;
+  private int size;
   private int index = 0;
   public CircularSet(int size) {
     array = new int[size];
-    len = size;
     // Initialize to a value not produced
     // by the SerialNumberSupplier:
-    for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
-      array[i] = -1;
+    Arrays.fill(array, -1);
+    this.size = size;
   }
   public synchronized void add(int i) {
     array[index] = i;
     // Wrap index and write over old elements:
-    index = ++index % len;
+    index = ++index % size;
   }
   public synchronized boolean contains(int val) {
-    for(int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+    for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
       if(array[i] == val) return true;
     return false;
   }
 }
 
-public class SerialNumberChecker {
-  private static final int SIZE = 10;
-  private static CircularSet serials =
-    new CircularSet(1000);
-  private static ExecutorService exec =
-    Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
-  static class SerialChecker implements Runnable {
-    @Override
-    public void run() {
-      while(true) {
-        int serial =
-          SerialNumberSupplier.nextSerialNumber();
-        if(serials.contains(serial)) {
-          System.out.println("Duplicate: " + serial);
-          System.exit(0);
-        }
-        serials.add(serial);
+public class SerialNumberChecker implements Runnable {
+  private CircularSet serials = new CircularSet(1000);
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+    while(true) {
+      int serial =
+        SerialNumberSupplier.nextSerialNumber();
+      if(serials.contains(serial)) {
+        System.out.println("Duplicate: " + serial);
+        System.exit(0);
       }
+      serials.add(serial);
     }
   }
   public static void main(String[] args) {
-    for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
-      exec.execute(new SerialChecker());
-    // Stop after n seconds if there's an argument:
-    if(args.length > 0) {
-      new Nap(new Integer(args[0]) * 1000);
-      System.out.println("No duplicates detected");
-      System.exit(0);
-    }
+    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+      CompletableFuture.runAsync(
+        new SerialNumberChecker());
+    new Nap(4000, "No duplicates detected");
   }
 }
 /* Output:

lowlevel/SyncObject.java

@@ -3,47 +3,39 @@
 // We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
 // Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
 // Synchronizing on another object
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import onjava.Nap;
 
 class DualSynch {
-  private Object syncObject = new Object();
   public synchronized void f() {
-    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-      System.out.println("f()");
-      new Nap(10);
-    }
+    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+      System.out.println("f() " + i);
   }
+  private Object syncObject = new Object();
   public void g() {
     synchronized(syncObject) {
-      for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-        System.out.println("g()");
-        new Nap(10);
-      }
+      for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+        System.out.println("g() " + i);
     }
   }
 }
 
 public class SyncObject {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
-    final DualSynch ds = new DualSynch();
-    new Thread() {
-      @Override
-      public void run() {
-        ds.f();
-      }
-    }.start();
+    DualSynch ds = new DualSynch();
+    CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> ds.f());
     ds.g();
   }
 }
 /* Output:
-g()
-g()
-g()
-g()
-g()
-f()
-f()
-f()
-f()
-f()
+g() 0
+g() 1
+f() 0
+g() 2
+f() 1
+g() 3
+f() 2
+g() 4
+f() 3
+f() 4
 */

lowlevel/SynchronizedEvenProducer.java

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 // We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
 // Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
 // Simplifying mutexes with the synchronized keyword
-// {IgnoreOutput} // No output validation
 import onjava.Nap;
 
 public class
@@ -20,3 +19,6 @@ SynchronizedEvenProducer extends IntGenerator {
     EvenChecker.test(new SynchronizedEvenProducer());
   }
 }
+/* Output:
+No odd numbers discovered
+*/

onjava/Nap.java

@@ -14,4 +14,8 @@ public class Nap {
       throw new RuntimeException(e);
     }
   }
+  public Nap(int n, String msg) {
+    this(n);
+    System.out.println(msg);
+  }
 }

onjava/TimedAbort.java

@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ package onjava;
 import java.util.concurrent.*;
 
 public class TimedAbort {
-  public TimedAbort(int n) {
+  public TimedAbort(int n, String msg) {
     CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
       new Nap(1000 * n);
-      System.out.println("TimedAbort " + n);
+      System.out.println(msg);
       System.exit(0);
     });
   }
+  public TimedAbort(int n) {
+    this(n, "TimedAbort " + n);
+  }
 }